Genen

• 35-47% van risico op borderline-PS bepaald door genetische factoren
• Eerstegraads familieleden van iemand met borderline-PS vijf keer zo hoge kans op borderline-PS
• Temperament: sensatiezoekend gedrag en angstigheid

Lieb et al. 2004 Lieb, K, Zanarini, MC., Schmahl, C, Linehan, MM., Bohus, M, Borderline personality disorder. (2004) (Lieb, K, Zanarini, MC., Schmahl, C, Linehan, MM., Bohus, M, Borderline personality disorder. (2004)) ; American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. 2014 American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force., Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, Washington, D.C. (2014) (American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force., Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, Washington, D.C. (2014)) ; Joyce et al. 2003 Joyce, PR., Mulder, RT., McKenzie, J.M., Luty, SE., Carter, JD., Sullivan, PF., Cloninger, C. R., Temperament, childhood environment and psychopathology as risk factors for avoidant and borderline personality disorders (2003) (Joyce, PR., Mulder, RT., McKenzie, J.M., Luty, SE., Carter, JD., Sullivan, PF., Cloninger, C. R., Temperament, childhood environment and psychopathology as risk factors for avoidant and borderline personality disorders (2003)) ; Crowell et al. 2009 Crowell, SE., Beauchaine, TP., Linehan, MM., A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. (2009) (Crowell, SE., Beauchaine, TP., Linehan, MM., A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. (2009)) ; Amad et al. 2014 Amad, A, Ramoz, N, Thomas, P., Jardri, R, Gorwood, P, Genetics of borderline personality disorder: systematic review and proposal of an integrative model. (2014) (Amad, A, Ramoz, N, Thomas, P., Jardri, R, Gorwood, P, Genetics of borderline personality disorder: systematic review and proposal of an integrative model. (2014))

Traumatische ervaringen uit de jeugd

• Seksueel misbruik
• Emotionele verwaarlozing
• Hechtingsproblemen Problemen in de duurzame en affectieve relatie tussen een kind en één of meer opvoeders  (Problemen in de duurzame en affectieve relatie tussen een kind en één of meer opvoeders )

Lieb et al. 2004 Lieb, K, Zanarini, MC., Schmahl, C, Linehan, MM., Bohus, M, Borderline personality disorder. (2004) (Lieb, K, Zanarini, MC., Schmahl, C, Linehan, MM., Bohus, M, Borderline personality disorder. (2004)) ; Agrawal et al. 2004 Agrawal, HR., Gunderson, J, Holmes, BM., Lyons-Ruth, K, Attachment studies with borderline patients: a review. (2004) (Agrawal, HR., Gunderson, J, Holmes, BM., Lyons-Ruth, K, Attachment studies with borderline patients: a review. (2004)) ; Zanarini et al. 1997 Zanarini, MC., Williams, A. A., Lewis, R. E., Reich, R. B., Vera, S. C., Marino, M. F., Levin, A., Yong, L., Frankenburg, F. R., Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. (1997) (Zanarini, MC., Williams, A. A., Lewis, R. E., Reich, R. B., Vera, S. C., Marino, M. F., Levin, A., Yong, L., Frankenburg, F. R., Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. (1997)) ; Skodol et al. 2002 Skodol, AE., Gunderson, J, Siever, LJ., Livesley, JW., Pfohl, B, Widiger, TA., The borderline diagnosis II: biology, genetics, and clinical course. (2002) (Skodol, AE., Gunderson, J, Siever, LJ., Livesley, JW., Pfohl, B, Widiger, TA., The borderline diagnosis II: biology, genetics, and clinical course. (2002))

Psychiatrische familiegeschiedenis

• Aanwezigheid van psychische stoornissen in de familie

White et al. 2003 White, CN., Gunderson, J, Zanarini, MC., Hudson, JI., Family studies of borderline personality disorder: a review. (2003) (White, CN., Gunderson, J, Zanarini, MC., Hudson, JI., Family studies of borderline personality disorder: a review. (2003)) ; Bandelow et al. 2005 Bandelow, B, Krause, J., Wedekind, D, Broocks, A, Hajak, G, Rüther, E, Early traumatic life events, parental attitudes, family history, and birth risk factors in patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. (2005) (Bandelow, B, Krause, J., Wedekind, D, Broocks, A, Hajak, G, Rüther, E, Early traumatic life events, parental attitudes, family history, and birth risk factors in patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. (2005)) ; Crowell et al. 2009 Crowell, SE., Beauchaine, TP., Linehan, MM., A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. (2009) (Crowell, SE., Beauchaine, TP., Linehan, MM., A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. (2009))

Opvoedingsstijl

• Inconsistentie in opvoeding
• Weinig ouderlijke affectie
• Aversief opvoedingsgedrag (bijvoorbeeld zwaar straffen)

Johnson et al. 2006 Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P, Chen, H, Kasen, S, Brook, JS., Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. (2006) (Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P, Chen, H, Kasen, S, Brook, JS., Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. (2006)) ; Crowell et al. 2009 Crowell, SE., Beauchaine, TP., Linehan, MM., A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. (2009) (Crowell, SE., Beauchaine, TP., Linehan, MM., A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan's theory. (2009)) ; Stepp et al. 2012 Stepp, SD., Whalen, DJ., Pilkonis, PA., Hipwell, AE., Levine, MD., Children of mothers with borderline personality disorder: identifying parenting behaviors as potential targets for intervention. (2012) (Stepp, SD., Whalen, DJ., Pilkonis, PA., Hipwell, AE., Levine, MD., Children of mothers with borderline personality disorder: identifying parenting behaviors as potential targets for intervention. (2012))

Genen

• 50% van risico op antisociale-PS bepaald door genetische factoren  

Ferguson 2010 Ferguson, CJ., Genetic contributions to antisocial personality and behavior: a meta-analytic review from an evolutionary perspective (2010) (Ferguson, CJ., Genetic contributions to antisocial personality and behavior: a meta-analytic review from an evolutionary perspective (2010)) ; Moffitt 2005 Moffitt, T. E., The New Look of Behavioral Genetics in Developmental Psychopathology: Gene-Environment Interplay in Antisocial Behaviors (2005) (Moffitt, T. E., The New Look of Behavioral Genetics in Developmental Psychopathology: Gene-Environment Interplay in Antisocial Behaviors (2005))

Gedragsproblemen in de jeugd

• ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Aandachtstekort-stoornis met hyperactiviteit) (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Aandachtstekort-stoornis met hyperactiviteit))
• Gedragsstoornis

Storebø & Simonsen 2016 Storebø, O, Simonsen, E, The Association Between ADHD and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): A Review (2016) (Storebø, O, Simonsen, E, The Association Between ADHD and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): A Review (2016)) ; Simonoff et al. 2004 Simonoff, E, Elander, J, Holmshaw, J, Pickles, A, Murray, R, Rutter, M, Predictors of antisocial personality. Continuities from childhood to adult life (2004) (Simonoff, E, Elander, J, Holmshaw, J, Pickles, A, Murray, R, Rutter, M, Predictors of antisocial personality. Continuities from childhood to adult life (2004)) ; Tuithof et al. 2010 Tuithof, M, Dorsselaer, S., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., ADHD, gedragsstoornissen en antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis. Vóórkomen en gevolgen in de algemene bevolking: resultaten van NEMESIS-2, Utrecht (2010) (Tuithof, M, Dorsselaer, S., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., ADHD, gedragsstoornissen en antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis. Vóórkomen en gevolgen in de algemene bevolking: resultaten van NEMESIS-2, Utrecht (2010))

Traumatische ervaringen uit de jeugd  

• Fysieke mishandeling
• Seksueel misbruik
• Verwaarlozing

Glenn et al. 2013 Glenn, A. L., Johnson, A.K., Raine, A., Antisocial personality disorder: a current review (2013) (Glenn, A. L., Johnson, A.K., Raine, A., Antisocial personality disorder: a current review (2013)) ; Horwitz et al. 2001 Horwitz, A. V., Widom, C. S., McLaughlin, J., White, H. R., The impact of childhood abuse and neglect on adult mental health: a prospective study (2001) (Horwitz, A. V., Widom, C. S., McLaughlin, J., White, H. R., The impact of childhood abuse and neglect on adult mental health: a prospective study (2001)) ; Johnson et al. 1999 Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., Bernstein, D.P., Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood (1999) (Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., Bernstein, D.P., Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood (1999))

Hersenafwijkingen

• Kleiner volume en abnormaal functioneren van de prefrontale cortex Hersengebied dat verantwoordelijk is voor cognitieve, emotionele en motivationele processen. (Hersengebied dat verantwoordelijk is voor cognitieve, emotionele en motivationele processen.) 

Yang & Raine 2009 Yang, Y., Raine, A., Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis (2009) (Yang, Y., Raine, A., Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis (2009)) ; Glenn et al. 2013 Glenn, A. L., Johnson, A.K., Raine, A., Antisocial personality disorder: a current review (2013) (Glenn, A. L., Johnson, A.K., Raine, A., Antisocial personality disorder: a current review (2013)) ; McCloskey et al. 2005 McCloskey, MS., Phan, LK., Coccaro, EF., Neuroimaging and personality disorders (2005) (McCloskey, MS., Phan, LK., Coccaro, EF., Neuroimaging and personality disorders (2005))

Sociaal-economische status

• Lage sociaal-economische status

American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. 2014 American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force., Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, Washington, D.C. (2014) (American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force., Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, Washington, D.C. (2014)) ; Lahey et al. 2005 Lahey, BB., Loeber, R, Burke, JD., Applegate, B, Predicting future antisocial personality disorder in males from a clinical assessment in childhood (2005) (Lahey, BB., Loeber, R, Burke, JD., Applegate, B, Predicting future antisocial personality disorder in males from a clinical assessment in childhood (2005))

Opvoedingsstijl

• Inconsistente, dwingende en straffende opvoedingsstijl
• Weinig ouderlijke affectie

Glenn et al. 2013 Glenn, A. L., Johnson, A.K., Raine, A., Antisocial personality disorder: a current review (2013) (Glenn, A. L., Johnson, A.K., Raine, A., Antisocial personality disorder: a current review (2013)) ; Johnson et al. 2006 Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P, Chen, H, Kasen, S, Brook, JS., Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. (2006) (Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P, Chen, H, Kasen, S, Brook, JS., Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. (2006)) ; Caspi et al. 2002 Caspi, A, McClay, J, Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J, Martin, J, Craig, IW., Taylor, A, Poulton, R, Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children (2002) (Caspi, A, McClay, J, Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J, Martin, J, Craig, IW., Taylor, A, Poulton, R, Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children (2002))